Objective. To measure the prevalence of urolithiasis in Yucatan, and to establish a possible association of the disease with family history and water hardness. Material and Methods. During 1996, a survey was conducted on the population over one year of age in the State of Yucatan. Subjects were classified as having definite lithiasis (DL), probable lithiasis (PL), or no lithiasis (NL). Total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness, were determined in drinking water samples. Results. From a total of 5 832 questionnaires, 323 subjects (5.5%) were found to have DL, and 282 (4.8%) PL. The prevalence of lithiasis increased sharply with age, ranging from 1% in the population 18 years or younger, to 11.3% in those over 50 years. A family history of urolithiasis was positive in 44% of subjects with DL and in 34 % of those with PL, compared to 28% of those with NL (OR=2.8, 95% CI=2.2-3.4, p<0.0001, and OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.4-2.4, p<0.0001, respectively). Water hardness above 400 ppm was associated with a higher prevalence of urolithiasis (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.21-2.94, p=0.003). Conclusions. The prevalence of urolithiasis in Yucatan is higher than that reported elsewhere in the scientific literature. A family history of the disease and high water hardness are risk factors that need to be investigated in future studies.

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de urolitiasis en el estado de Yucatán, México, y una posible asociación de ésta con antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad y la dureza del agua. Material y métodos. Durante 1996 se efectuó una encuesta transversal en población abierta mayor de un año de edad, del estado de Yucatán. Los sujetos se clasificaron como litiasis definitiva (LD), litiasis probable (LP) y sin litiasis (SL). Se determinó dureza total, dureza de calcio y dureza de magnesio a las muestras de agua empleadas para el consumo humano. Se emplearon ji cuadrada y t de student para comparación de medias de muestras independientes en el análisis. Resultados. De un total de 5 832 encuestas, 323 sujetos (5.5%) se catalogaron como LD, y 282 (4.8%) como LP. La prevalencia de litiasis se incrementó con la edad, partiendo de 1% en población de 18 años o menor, hasta 11.3% en los mayores de 50. El 44% del grupo LD y 34% del LP tuvieron antecedente familiar de urolitiasis, comparado con 28% del grupo SL (p<0.0001, RM 2.8, IC 95% 2.2-3.4 y p<0.0001, RM 1.8, IC 95%=1.4-2.4, respectivamente). Se observó que una dureza del agua mayor a 400 ppm se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de litiasis (p=0.003, RM 1.9, IC 95% 1.21-2.94). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de litiasis urinaria en Yucatán es mayor a lo reportado en la literatura nacional e internacional. La dureza extrema del agua empleada para el consumo humano y el antecedente familiar de la enfermedad son factores de riesgo que requieren investigaciones futuras.

Objective. To measure the prevalence of urolithiasis in Yucatan, and to establish a possible association of the disease with family history and water hardness. Material and Methods. During 1996, a survey was conducted on the population over one year of age in the State of Yucatan. Subjects were classified as having definite lithiasis (DL), probable lithiasis (PL), or no lithiasis (NL). Total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness, were determined in drinking water samples. Results. From a total of 5 832 questionnaires, 323 subjects (5.5%) were found to have DL, and 282 (4.8%) PL. The prevalence of lithiasis increased sharply with age, ranging from 1% in the population 18 years or younger, to 11.3% in those over 50 years. A family history of urolithiasis was positive in 44% of subjects with DL and in 34 % of those with PL, compared to 28% of those with NL (OR=2.8, 95% CI=2.2-3.4, p<0.0001, and OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.4-2.4, p<0.0001, respectively). Water hardness above 400 ppm was associated with a higher prevalence of urolithiasis (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.21-2.94, p=0.003). Conclusions. The prevalence of urolithiasis in Yucatan is higher than that reported elsewhere in the scientific literature. A family history of the disease and high water hardness are risk factors that need to be investigated in future studies.

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de urolitiasis en el estado de Yucatán, México, y una posible asociación de ésta con antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad y la dureza del agua. Material y métodos. Durante 1996 se efectuó una encuesta transversal en población abierta mayor de un año de edad, del estado de Yucatán. Los sujetos se clasificaron como litiasis definitiva (LD), litiasis probable (LP) y sin litiasis (SL). Se determinó dureza total, dureza de calcio y dureza de magnesio a las muestras de agua empleadas para el consumo humano. Se emplearon ji cuadrada y t de student para comparación de medias de muestras independientes en el análisis. Resultados. De un total de 5 832 encuestas, 323 sujetos (5.5%) se catalogaron como LD, y 282 (4.8%) como LP. La prevalencia de litiasis se incrementó con la edad, partiendo de 1% en población de 18 años o menor, hasta 11.3% en los mayores de 50. El 44% del grupo LD y 34% del LP tuvieron antecedente familiar de urolitiasis, comparado con 28% del grupo SL (p<0.0001, RM 2.8, IC 95% 2.2-3.4 y p<0.0001, RM 1.8, IC 95%=1.4-2.4, respectivamente). Se observó que una dureza del agua mayor a 400 ppm se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de litiasis (p=0.003, RM 1.9, IC 95% 1.21-2.94). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de litiasis urinaria en Yucatán es mayor a lo reportado en la literatura nacional e internacional. La dureza extrema del agua empleada para el consumo humano y el antecedente familiar de la enfermedad son factores de riesgo que requieren investigaciones futuras.

Para determinar o papel do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, incluindo tequila, sobre incidência de câncer gástrico (CG), foi realizado um estudo caso-controle de base populacional na Cidade do México, com 220 casos de CG e 752 controles. Um questionário de freqüência alimentar foi empregado para medir o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e outros itens da dieta. O consumo de etanol (gr) foi estimado usando-se o software Food Intake Analysis System 3.0. Após ajustamento por fatores de risco conhecidos, consumo de vinho esteve associado positivamente com o risco de desenvolver CG no estrato de maior consumo, ao menos dez copos de vinho mensais (OR = 2,93; I.C. 95% 1,27-6,75), p<0,05. Essa associação persistiu tanto para os tumores de tipo intestinal (OR = 2,16; I.C. 95% 0,68-6,92, p de tendência 0,031), quanto para os de tipo difuso (OR = 4,48; I.C. 95% 1,44-13,94, p de tendência 0,018). O consumo de cerveja e bebidas destiladas (conhaque, rum, tequila) não esteve associado com maior risco de CG.

This paper presents an assessment of alcohol consumption, including the popular Mexican liquor tequila, in relation to the incidence of gastric cancer. We conducted a population-based case-control study in Mexico City, with 220 gastric cancer cases and 752 population-based controls. A food frequency questionnaire was used to measure consumption of alcohol and other dietary items. Grams of ethanol were estimated by the Food Intake Analysis System 3.0 software. After adjustment for known risk factors, wine consumption was positively associated with the risk of developing gastric cancer (OR = 2.93; CI 95% 1.27-6.75) in the highest category of wine consumption, corresponding to at least 10 glasses of wine per month, with a significant trend (p = 0.005). This association remained among intestinal (OR = 2.16; CI 95% 0.68-6.92, p-value for trend = 0.031) and diffuse (OR = 4.48; CI 95% 1.44-13.94, p-value for trend = 0.018) gastric cancer cases. A borderline significant trend between GC risk and total ethanol intake was observed (p = 0.068). Consumption of beer and distilled alcoholic beverages including brandy, rum, and tequila was not associated with GC risk. The results indicate the need to focus on the study of the potential effects of different types of wine, with emphasis on components other than ethanol regarding the incidence of gastric cancer, even among populations with moderate to low levels of alcohol consumption.

Para determinar o papel do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, incluindo tequila, sobre incidência de câncer gástrico (CG), foi realizado um estudo caso-controle de base populacional na Cidade do México, com 220 casos de CG e 752 controles. Um questionário de freqüência alimentar foi empregado para medir o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e outros itens da dieta. O consumo de etanol (gr) foi estimado usando-se o software Food Intake Analysis System 3.0. Após ajustamento por fatores de risco conhecidos, consumo de vinho esteve associado positivamente com o risco de desenvolver CG no estrato de maior consumo, ao menos dez copos de vinho mensais (OR = 2,93; I.C. 95% 1,27-6,75), p<0,05. Essa associação persistiu tanto para os tumores de tipo intestinal (OR = 2,16; I.C. 95% 0,68-6,92, p de tendência 0,031), quanto para os de tipo difuso (OR = 4,48; I.C. 95% 1,44-13,94, p de tendência 0,018). O consumo de cerveja e bebidas destiladas (conhaque, rum, tequila) não esteve associado com maior risco de CG.

This paper presents an assessment of alcohol consumption, including the popular Mexican liquor tequila, in relation to the incidence of gastric cancer. We conducted a population-based case-control study in Mexico City, with 220 gastric cancer cases and 752 population-based controls. A food frequency questionnaire was used to measure consumption of alcohol and other dietary items. Grams of ethanol were estimated by the Food Intake Analysis System 3.0 software. After adjustment for known risk factors, wine consumption was positively associated with the risk of developing gastric cancer (OR = 2.93; CI 95% 1.27-6.75) in the highest category of wine consumption, corresponding to at least 10 glasses of wine per month, with a significant trend (p = 0.005). This association remained among intestinal (OR = 2.16; CI 95% 0.68-6.92, p-value for trend = 0.031) and diffuse (OR = 4.48; CI 95% 1.44-13.94, p-value for trend = 0.018) gastric cancer cases. A borderline significant trend between GC risk and total ethanol intake was observed (p = 0.068). Consumption of beer and distilled alcoholic beverages including brandy, rum, and tequila was not associated with GC risk. The results indicate the need to focus on the study of the potential effects of different types of wine, with emphasis on components other than ethanol regarding the incidence of gastric cancer, even among populations with moderate to low levels of alcohol consumption.